Alles Wichtige über kulturelle Unterschiede, Inder, Hispanics und Pakistanis, die in den USA oder England leben sowie deren Probleme, Schwierigkeiten und Möglichkeiten:
Immigration reform
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| » security of the borders to reduce the numbers of people to sneak into the States illegally |
| » temporary worker programme: working for a limited time legally and then leaving the country again |
 work in jobs Americans wouldn't like to do support for American employers and the economy |
| » nationalizing those illegal immigrants who have lived in the States for a couple of years by granting them citizenchip and, thus, giving them roots in the country |
| » pay taxes, learn English, work in a job for a number of years |
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Measures / steps to restrict or enlarge immigration by the USA
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| » amnesty program (1986) |
| » in times of labor shortage enlargement of immigration |
| » to have cheap workers / to have workers for temporary labor contracts |
| » enlargement of immigration for political refuges (Cuba) and for new citizens of Puerto Rico |
| » restrictions by ... |
| » visa policy and by a quota system (1924, 1968) and repatriation programs |
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Illegal immigration
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| due to |
| » political restrictions in the USA |
| » a lack of economic prospects in their home countries |
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Major push-pull-factors of immigration
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| Immigration Policy |
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1898 |
Puerto Rico becomes a possession of the USA |
| pull |
1917 |
The Jones Act makes Puerto Ricans citizens of the USA |
| pull |
early 1900s |
Steady immigration from Puerto Rico. Mexicans freely cross the border to work as miners, farm workers or railroad laborers. |
| 1924 |
First immigration quota law, but not for Western hemisphere. The INS Border Patrol is set up. |
| 1929 |
Entry into the USA without a visa becomes a punishable offence. |
| pull |
1930s |
Depression, massive repatriation of Mexicans, reduced migration from Puerto Rico. |
| push |
1942-45 |
Labor shortage during World War II, increased demand again. Massive immigration from Mexico on the "Bracero" program (reintroduced 1951-64), parallel temporary contract labor programs in the East for Caribbean immigrants. |
| 1950s |
Immigration from Puerto Rico reaches its peak. |
| push out |
1954 |
Operation "Wetback" (in 5 years 3,8 million "illegal" Mexican immigrants are sent back) |
| |
1959-62 |
About 250,000 Cubans admitted after Castro's takeover. |
| 1968 |
Immigration quota restricted to 120,000 per year from the Western hemisphere. |
| 1965-73 |
297,000 Cubans admitted by special legislation. |
| since 1975 |
Increased immigration from Latin America. |
| 1980 |
123,000 Cubans admitted during the Mariel boatlift (special legislation). |
| 1986 |
New immigration law making employment of illegal immigrants an offense and granting amnesty to long-time illegal residents. |
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Hispanic Population and Race Distribution for Non-Hispanic Population
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1980 |
1990 |
2000 |
Number |
Percent |
Number |
Percent |
Number |
Percent |
| Total Population |
2,363,679 |
100.00% |
2,477,574 |
100.00% |
2,688,418 |
100.00% |
| Total Hispanics |
63,339 |
2.68% |
93,670 |
3.78% |
188,252 |
7.00% |
| White* |
2,138,516 |
90.47% |
2,190,524 |
88.41% |
2,233,997 |
83.10% |
| Black* |
124,820 |
5.28% |
140,761 |
5.68% |
151,407 |
5.63% |
| American Indian and Eskimo* |
15,311 |
0.65% |
20,363 |
0.82% |
22,322 |
0.83% |
| Asian* |
15,061 |
0.64% |
30,814 |
1.,24% |
46,301 |
1.72% |
| Hawaiian and Pacific Islander* |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1,154 |
0.04% |
| Other* |
6,632 |
0.28% |
1,442 |
0.06% |
2,477 |
0.09% |
| Two or More Races* |
- |
- |
- |
- |
42,508 |
1.58% |
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| * Non-Hispanic only; in 1980 and 1990 "Asiens" includes Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders. |
| from www.censusscope.org/us/s20/chart_race.html |
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